Determination of tone value increase from a printed image

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for analyzing printed images are provided. One system includes a processing circuit configured to: determine a set of one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate to measure color values; determine a set of input tone values for the at least one ink; receive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set of locations on the printed image from a sensor; and determine a tone value increase error based on the set of measured color values and the set of input tone values. The at least one processing circuit is configured to determine the tone value increase error without requiring measured color values from an area having solid ink.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of printing. Morespecifically, the disclosure relates to systems and methods fordetermining a Tone Value Increase and/or error in Tone Value Increaseassociated with a printing device and/or portion of a printing process.

Printing images that meet specific color characteristics is an importantneed for those looking to deliver their messages in print form. Tounderstand how the images can be perceived, “Image” or “Images” can beinterpreted to mean a set of values that represent one or moreattributes of an area either printed or to be printed. It is theseattributes that affect the way print is perceived.

Images may be printed on any Substrate. “Substrate” as used here can beany material that can be printed upon. Commonly this is paper or othercellulose-based material, film or plastic, but it may include anymaterial that be printed upon, whether opaque, translucent ortransparent. Printing may be accomplished by combining one or more setsof inks (for example cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) on a Substrate tocreate a variety of colors.

SUMMARY

One embodiment relates to a system for analyzing reproduction of aprinted image on a substrate printed using a plurality of inks. Thesystem includes at least one processing circuit configured to determinea set of one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to determine a set of input tone values for the at least oneink. The at least one processing circuit is further configured toreceive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a tone valueincrease error based on the set of measurement/processed values and theset of input tone values. The at least one processing circuit isconfigured to determine the tone value increase error without requiringmeasured color values from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to a method of analyzing reproduction of aprinted image on a substrate printed using a plurality of inks. Themethod includes determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The methodfurther includes determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The method further includes receiving a set of measured colorvalues corresponding to the set of locations on the printed image from asensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured to generatethe measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the method further includes processing the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The method furtherincludes determining a tone value increase error based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input tone values withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to a printing system including at least oneink control device configured to control deposition of at least one inkon a substrate to generate a printed image. The printing system furtherincludes at least one processing circuit configured to determine a setof one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values and determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The at least one processing circuit is further configuredto receive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a tone valueincrease error based on the set of measurement/processed values and theset of input tone values and control the at least one ink control devicebased at least in part on the tone value increase error. The at leastone processing circuit is configured to determine the tone valueincrease error without requiring measured color values from an areahaving solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to one or more computer-readable storagemedia having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to implementoperations including determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The operationsfurther include determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The operations further include receiving a set of measuredcolor values corresponding to the set of locations on the printed imagefrom a sensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the operations further include processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Theoperations further include determining a tone value increase error basedon the set of measurement/processed values and the set of input tonevalues without requiring measured color values from an area having solidink.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an image deposited on a Substrate according to an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 1A is an image showing Halftone Dots deposited on a Substrateaccording to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 1B is an image showing Solid Ink Coverage according to an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 1C is an image showing overprinted Halftone Dots according to anexemplary embodiment.

FIG. 1D is an image illustrating a Shadow Tone according to an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 1E is an image illustrating a Highlight according to an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 1F is an image illustrating a Midtone according to an exemplaryembodiment.

FIG. 1G is a block diagram of a web-offset printing system according toan exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of an inking assembly according to anexemplary embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a color monitoring and/or control systemaccording to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a processing circuit configured to monitora relative area of ink applied within an area (e.g., monitor a change inTone Value, or a Tone Value Increase) and/or perform color controland/or defect detection according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a process for analyzing reproduction of aprinted Image on a Substrate according to an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a process for controlling color in a printedImage according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of a process for detecting defects in a printedImage according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a process for analyzing reproduction of aprinted Image on a Substrate according to another exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a process for controlling color in a printedImage according to another exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a process for detecting defects in aprinted Image according to another exemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods for monitoring areproduction of Halftones within one or more areas of a printed Image.In some embodiments, this information may be used to control colorand/or detect defects on a printing system.

In many printing applications, the relevant inks are applied to theSubstrate as ink dots. These ink dots may be referred to as “HalftoneDots” or “Halftones.” FIG. 1 illustrates an example image printed on aSubstrate. The image illustrated in FIG. 1 includes various areas thatmay be generated using different areas of applied inks. These areas aredescribed below in accordance with exemplary embodiments.

FIG. 1A illustrates an example image 100 showing Halftone Dots depositedon a Substrate according to one illustrative implementation. Printing ofHalftones of inks in a manner that creates an area having no gapsbetween Halftones is referred to as “Solid Ink Coverage” or “Solid Ink.”FIG. 1B illustrates an example image 110 showing Solid Ink Coverage,according to one illustrative implementation. The size and/or spacing ofthe Halftones dots can be modulated to provide gradations of color whenthe Halftones are collectively viewed on the Substrate from a distance.Overprinting of one Halftone Dot over another of the same or adifferently colored ink is a technique used to produce all colors withinthe entire gamut. FIG. 1C provides an example image 120 of overprintedHalftone Dots according to an illustrative implementation, with one type(e.g., color and size) of Halftone Dot illustrated with hash marks inone direction, and another type (e.g., color and size) of Halftone Dotillustrated with hash marks in another direction.

To ensure that Images are being printed on a Substrate as desired,attributes that may be considered, monitored, measured and/or controlledinclude Tone Value and Color Value. As applied here, “Tone Value” mayrefer to a value on a scale ranging from a value representing a pure,unprinted Substrate (e.g., pure paper) to a predefined target richnessvalue for a particular ink.

In some embodiments, the result of printing may not result in distinctHalftone Dots as shown in FIGS. 1B and 1C. For example, while thecylinder used for rotogravure printing has distinct halftone dots, theprinting ink often has a very low viscosity, which allows the ink tospread widely between dots, so as to obscure the original halftonestructure. In another example, the richness of the halftone is modulatedby the distance between Halftone Dots. This Halftone Dot structure istermed “FM screening,” or stochastic. In this case, the Halftone Dotsare normally quite tiny (˜10 microns) and with ill-defined edges so thatthe area of each dot and likewise the area of coverage in a given areais also ill-defined. In another example, certain digital files which areto be printed may lack any semblance of halftone dots, and use numberswhich may range from 0 to 100 or from 0 to 255 to represent thegradations of color. In these cases, the term “Tone Value” may be usedto designate the effective relative area of ink applied within an area.For the purposes of this disclosure, it will be assumed that the ToneValue ranges from 0 to 100%, although it is readily seen that theinvention described herein is not limited to this range.

As noted above, in some embodiments, Tone Value may be represented as apoint on a scale between unprinted Substrate/no ink and a predefinedtarget richness or strength value (e.g., maximum richness/strength) fora given ink (e.g., representing Solid Ink Coverage on an area of theSubstrate), often expressed as a percentage. For example, in someembodiments, 100% Tone Value can be used to represent Solid InkCoverage, a 50% Tone Value can be used to represent 50% Halftones and50% Substrate, while 0% Tone Value can be used to represent no ink onthe Substrate. It is common to refer to Halftones that are near SolidInk (i.e., 100% Tone Value) as “Shadow Tones,” while Halftones near noink (i.e., 0% Tone Value) are commonly referred to as “Highlights.” TheTone Values between the Highlights and Shadow Tones may be referred toas “Midtones.” FIGS. 1D, 1E, and 1F show examples of images 130, 140,and 150 as being Shadow Tones, Highlights, and Midtones, respectively,according to illustrative embodiments. The dark portions of images 130,140, and 150 represent areas on which ink is deposited, and the lightportions of images 130, 140, and 150 represent areas of the Substrate onwhich ink is not deposited. In some embodiments, Tone Value may berepresented in various other manners (e.g., as a relative value otherthan a percentage).

Printers may use Tone Values to determine the initial set-up of thepress to deliver the desired Halftone Dot. In one embodiment, thepresent disclosure provides systems and methods to more accuratelydetermine what Tone Values should be used for initial set-up of a pressrun (i.e., for providing input parameters to the press in order to printHalftones having an expected Tone Value). The more accurately this canbe determined, the more accurately the desired colors may be printedwith less time, cost and intervention.

In determining Tone Value for initial set-up, each area of the plate orprinted Substrate may be quantified in terms of the Tone Value for eachof the inks. As mentioned above, these are often expressed as a value(e.g., ink richness value) on a range from no ink/pure Substrate and apredefined target richness value, so that the Tone Value is a numberbetween 0% and 100%. In some embodiments, the Tone Value may be definedbased on a percentage of ink coverage or a percentage of maximum inktransfer. The Tone Values used to set the parameters for ink delivery tothe Substrate are called “Input Tone Values.” In some printing pressimplementations, the Input Tone Value is used to create methods todeliver Halftone Dots so as to attain the intended output colors on theprinted Substrate. In various implementations, Input Tone Values may beused, for example, in setting press parameters, designing press plates,creating proofs for customer approval, etc.

In print processes employing Halftones, it is generally the case thatthe amount of ink transferred to the Substrate has a dependence onvarious conditions of the ink and of the printing press. In addition,the ink forming the Halftone spreads when the ink is applied to theSubstrate so that Halftone looks richer in color than one would expectbased on the Input Tone Value. A densitometer or spectrophotometer maybe used to measure the printed Halftone on the Substrate. Suchmeasurements may be combined with measurements of a solid inked area andof the bare substrate and converted into an “Apparent Tone Value,” forexample, using the Murray-Davies equation, as is well known in theindustry. Variations on the Murray-Davies formula include, for example,those by Yule and Nielsen, by Noffke and Seymour, and by Tom Lianza.This Apparent Tone Value is also a value in a range from no ink/pureSubstrate to a predefined target richness/strength value (e.g., a numberin the range from 0% to 100%), and is indicative of the apparentstrength/richness of the color.

The difference between the Input Tone Value and Apparent Tone Value washistorically called “Dot Gain,” based on web offset print processes. Thesame measurement techniques came into use for other printingtechnologies, particularly technologies that did not have as distinct ofa dot structure. Since the term “Dot Gain” was a misnomer for someprinting technologies, this term was deprecated in favor of the moregeneral term “Tone Value Increase” or “TVI.”

TVI is generally expressed as a percentage, or more accurately, as adifference in percentage points. Thus, if an Input Tone Value is 25%,and the resulting Apparent Tone Value is 32%, then the TVI for thatHalftone is 7%—a simple difference, rather than a percentage of change(although, in some embodiments, a percentage of change could be used).

Standards have been developed in order to more precisely align theprinted work with the intended appearance. TVI is one of the parametersthat are defined under the standards. Thus, the international standardISO 12647-2 and ISO 12647-3 provide Target TVI values for differentprinting conditions. Alternately, Target TVI values may be providedthrough quasi-standards that are embedded in ICC profiles, such as ICCprofiles that have target TVI values of 20% or 26%. This means that a50% Halftone is targeted to print with an Apparent Tone Value of 70% or76%, respectively.

When a print job is created, it will have a Target TVI associated withit for each of the inks Such association may be explicitly stipulated bydocuments included with the image files, or implicitly stipulated by avariety of means, for example, by referencing an ICC profile, or througha contract between the printer and the print buyer. Such a contract maydefine the Target TVI values, or may reference a standard to definethese.

If a printer knows that his printing press will inherently printHalftones with the Target TVI, then the files can be printed directlyand will reach the Target TVI. It is more likely, however, that aprinting press will have a different inherent TVI. This inherent TVI mayvary depending on several factors, including (most prominently) thescreen ruling of the print job (that is, the distance between thecenters of the halftone dots), the porosity of the Substrate, and theviscosity of the printing ink. The latter two factors are indirectly afactor of environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, sothey may vary over time. The inherent TVI of the press is also affectedby various abnormal conditions of the press, such as the pressurebetween rollers, or inappropriate levels of dampening solution. Thedifference between the Target TVI and this actual inherent TVIassociated with the press may be referred to as “TVI error.”

Thus, it is incumbent upon the printer to control the TVI of a press.This is difficult to control directly, so the most common means forcontrol is compensation when the printing plates are created. Thecompensation is performed through what is known as a plate curve, whichacts as a lookup table to translate from Input Tone Values to ToneValues that are imaged on the printing plate. For example, if it isexpected that the press will have a 15% TVI for a 50% Halftone, and ifthe Target TVI is 20%, then the plate curve will translate a 50%Halftone into a 55% Halftone when the printing plate is created.

Thus, it is incumbent upon the printer to track the TVI for a printingpress both as an assurance that the current job is running properly, andover a longer term, to provide feedback to the plate making process.

Color Value is an attribute of an Image that may be considered whenprinting. This attribute again helps determine how the print isperceived by the intended audience. “Color Value” may include one ormore values (e.g., a set of numbers) indicative of a color. Color Valuemay include, for example, Tone Values for each of a set of inks. Theinks may include cyan, magenta, yellow, and black (CMYK) colored inks ormay include additional colored inks such as orange, green, and violet(OGV). As another example, a Color Value may be a triplet of numbers, orsome modification thereof, corresponding to a position in a standardizedcolor space. Examples of standardized color spaces may include, but arenot limited to, Adobe sRGB, CIE XYZ, CIELAB, CIELUV, or DIN99. For thesake of brevity, CIELAB will be referenced throughout the remainder ofthe present disclosure, but it should be understood that, in variousembodiments, any standardized color space may be utilized as analternative to CIELAB unless otherwise indicated. Spectral data, such asreflectance data at various intervals in the relevant light spectrum(e.g., number values at 10 nm intervals from 400 nm to 700 nm thevisible light spectrum), is yet another example of a Color Value. Yetanother example of Color Value may include an optical density value.

One exemplary type of printing system with which the features of thepresent disclosure may be used is a web-offset printing system.Referring to FIG. 1G, a web-offset printing system 10 for printing amulti-color Image upon a Substrate 12 (e.g., a web or sheet of material,such as paper) is illustrated. In the illustrated embodiment, fourprinting units 14, 16, 18, and 20 each print one color of the Image uponSubstrate 12. Each printing unit 14, 16, 18, 20 includes an upperblanket cylinder 22, an upper printing plate cylinder 24, a lowerblanket cylinder 26, and a lower printing plate cylinder 28 to permitprinting on both sides of Substrate 12. In printing system 10, colors31, 32, 33, and 34 on units 14, 16, 18, and 20 respectively, aretypically black (K), cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y). The locationof printing units 14, 16, 18, and 20 relative to each other isdetermined by the printer, and may vary.

Each printing unit 14, 16, 18, and 20 includes an associated inkingassembly 36, which is shown in FIG. 2. Inking assembly 36 operates tosupply ink to the Substrate 12 in order to print Images, and includes anink reservoir 38 disposed adjacent an ink fountain roller 40 (also knownas the ink ball) that extends laterally across Substrate 12. A blade 42extends along ink fountain roller 40 and is segmented so that thespacing of each segment relative to ink fountain roller 40 can beindependently adjusted. Each blade segment may have an edge that ismoved toward and away from the outer surface of the ink fountain roller40 by adjustment of an associated ink control device or ink key 50.

As shown in FIG. 2, a plurality of the ink keys 50 are disposed atequally-spaced lateral locations along the inking assembly 36 to pressagainst blade segments at those locations to establish and adjust thesize of the space between the roller 40 and the blade segment to controlthe thickness of the ink film provided to the outer surface of the inkfountain roller 40. The number of ink keys will vary with differenttypes of printing presses. One number of ink keys for a 36 inch wide webmay be 24, so each ink key controls ink to an ink key zone on the webthat is about 1½ inches wide. Certain implementations of a printing unit14, 16, 18, and 20 may omit the blade 42, and replace it with individualdistinct segments which are each part of the individual ink keys 50.

The features and/or characteristics of a web-offset type press utilizedin conjunction with the features of the present disclosure may varyaccording to various exemplary embodiments. The embodiment providedabove is provided solely for the purposes of illustration. Additionally,the present disclosure may be utilized in conjunction with other typesof printing devices as well, including, but not limited to, lithographicpresses, gravure presses, digital presses, and/or inkjet printers.

Many variables can affect the actual color of the printed Image. Twosuch variables include the inking level and the reproduction ofHalftones.

The inking level is largely a function of the amount of pigment that isdeposited on the Substrate. This can be modulated in various ways. On alithographic press, ink keys or pumps may be used to meter the flow ofink onto the printing plate. On a flexographic or gravure press, thepigment concentration may be adjusted in order to modulate the pigment.On an ink jet printer, the volume of ink that is dispersed may bechanged.

One method for indirectly measuring the inking level is through the useof optical density. The reflectance of the area on the printed Substratecan be measured within a certain wavelength range by using aspectrophotometer or densitometer. The density is the negative of thelogarithm of the reflectance. Measurement of the richness of an ink canalso be inferred from the measurement of CIELAB (also known as L*a*b*)values, which is a standard means for measuring color. CIELAB values aretypically measured with a colorimeter or spectrophotometer.

The reproduction of Halftones in the printed Image can be affected by anumber of variables on a printing device, such as a press (e.g., aweb-offset press). One such variable is the extent that dots spread whenthey reach the Substrate. This can depend upon factors such as theviscosity of the ink, the pressure between rollers, and properties ofthe Substrate. Another variable that may affect the reproduction of theHalftone is the ink take-up by the printing plate or cylinder. Inlithographic printing, this is partially mediated by the balance betweenink and fountain solution. In gravure printing, the take-up is mediatedby the viscosity and surface tension of the ink and by the acceleratingvoltage. Another source of variation of the reproduction of Halftonesmay be the degradation of the printing plate or cylinder.

One method for characterizing the reproduction of Halftones is by theApparent Tone Value or by the closely related Tone Value Increase. Insome embodiments, this may be determined by measuring Tone Values. Forexample, Apparent Tone Value may be determined by measuring the opticaldensity of the Solid Ink, as described previously, as well as theoptical density of the Substrate and of a non-solid ink area orHalftone, whether being a Shadow tone, Midtone, or Highlight. These ToneValues can then be used in the Murray-Davies formula to yield theApparent Tone Value. Once the Apparent Tone Value is determined, it canbe used with the Input Tone Value to determine TVI.

Another method for characterizing reproduction of Halftones is bydetermining the distance in color space (e.g., a standardized colorspace) between the Substrate and the Halftone as compared to thedistance in color space between the Substrate and the Solid Ink.

One complication in assessing the inking level and the reproduction ofHalftones is that they are intertwined. Variations in the amount ofpigment transferred to the Substrate will affect the richness of theSolid Inks, but will also affect the reproduction of the Shadow Tonesand, to a lesser extent, the reproduction of the Midtones andHighlights. Variations in the viscosity of the ink may effect, inparticular, the reproduction of the Midtones.

In order to achieve predictable and stable color of printed Images onpress, both the inking level and the reproduction of Halftones may bemonitored. Historically, this has been done through measurement of acolor bar. Traditional color bars consist of a series of referencepatches of uniform color. Typically, the color bar would include patchesof each of the Solid Inks, 25%, 50%, and 75% patches of each of theHalftone inks, as well as overprints of the solids. A gray patchcomprised of Halftones of each of the three inks, cyan, magenta, andyellow may also be included in the color bar.

Press operators often rely on measurements of the patches within thecolor bar to assess the state of the press. Abnormal measurement values,for example, high TVI, may be an indication of damage to a rollerbearing. A decrease in Tone Value may indicate wear to a printing plate.

Measurements from a color bar also may provide the press operator withuseful feedback as to the accuracy of the prepress process. If, forexample, a given press is consistently showing higher than expectedvalues for Tone Value Increase, it may be decided that an adjustment bemade to the production of printing plates so that the press willhenceforth print Halftones to provide more accurate color. For example,an adjustment to the Input Tone Value could be made to accommodate thechanges in Tone Value being observed on press to eliminate or reduceTone Value Increase.

There are various strategies to control the color during a press runbased on measurements of color bars. In one control strategy, the SolidInks are measured and control is activated to bring them to within atolerance of a target value for some Color Value measure such as opticaldensity or CIELAB value. The control mechanism may be based on theinking level, which is to say, adjustment is made of either the volumeof ink per area of Substrate, the ink film thickness on the Substrate,or the pigment concentration of the ink.

In another ink control strategy, a Halftone value (typically a ShadowTone) may be monitored for some measure of Color Value and control isagain affected through some mechanism based on the inking level. Inanother strategy, the Color Value(s) of the Halftone overprint may bemeasured.

Color bars are, therefore, a useful color management tool, but may bedistracting in the final product. For printed work that is trimmedduring a binding operation after printing, color bars are often placedin the trim area, often between the printed impressions. In this way thecolor bars are not part of the shipped product. But, color bars also maybe unwelcome in certain types of print, such as “products of press.”This refers to printed product such as newspapers and inserts which areshipped directly from the press without being sent to a separate bindingoperation. Since they are not bound, there is no opportunity for anycolor bars on such printed product to be removed. As a result, theundesirable color bars will remain on the product delivered toend-consumers.

Another issue with color bars is that they only reflect the operation ofthe press at one physical location of the printed Substrate. Differentphysical locations within an Image or on the press may have inherentlydifferent inking levels or reproduction of Halftones.

In addition, color patches within the color bar are limited in quantity,so they will likely not include all of those Input Tone Values used inpreparing the plates or other image transfer device. This will preventthe ability to measure the Apparent Tone Value at each location andcompare those values with the Input Tone Values at each location, toaccurately determine Tone Value Increase at each location within theprinted Substrate.

So-called “markless” color control systems are known in the art whichmake measurements of areas of the printed image beyond just the colorbar. Live adjustments of the inking levels are actuated based on acomparison between the measured Color Values of the printed work andtarget values for these measured Color Values. While these systems makeit possible to remove the unwelcome color bars from the printed work,the removal of color bars and the measurement thereof deprives the pressoperators of a useful quality control tool, since there is not aguarantee of an adequate and consistent set of inking combinations suchas found in a color bar.

According to some exemplary embodiments, the systems and methods of thepresent disclosure may be configured to determine Tone Value Increasewithout relying solely on a color bar, but relying instead on Imagesprinted on the Substrate, alone or in combination with a color bar. Insome embodiments, this may allow for determination of TVI in media wherecolor bars are undesirable, such as newspapers, without requiring suchmedia to include color bars. In some embodiments, exemplary systems andmethods may use Images printed on the Substrate in combination with datafrom a color bar to determine TVI.

It is relatively inexpensive to equip a printing press with an RGB (red,green, and blue) camera for viewing the printed Substrate. Such a cameratypically uses a set of filters (red, green, and blue) to create athree-channel Image of the printed web. While these cameras are widelyavailable and inexpensive, the downside is that the spectral response ofthe camera in the red, green, and blue channels is not standardized.Thus, one make and model of camera may have a different response thananother, and will not be directly translatable into standardized colormeasurements.

Further, there are no RGB cameras widely available that match anInternational Organization of Standardization (ISO) standard spectralresponse, such as that of ISO Status T density (which is used to measureoptical density) or of Commission on Illumination (CIE) tristimulusresponse (which is used for colorimetric measurements), or that match ade facto standard spectral response such as sRGB or Adobe RGB. Use ofRGB cameras requires some calibration in order to translate the camera'sversion of RGB into a standard response. This calibration is sensitiveto characteristics of the ink as well as the spectral reflectance andgloss of the printed Substrate, so systems which use RGB cameras tomonitor and/or control color introduce large errors into the colormanagement process.

One solution to the issue of lack of accuracy of RGB cameras is to use aspectrophotometer instead of or in addition to the RGB camera. Aspectrophotometer utilizes more than three wavelength channels so as toapproximate a standard spectral response. Spectrophotometers typicallyhave between 16 and 36 wavelength channels.

In some embodiments of this invention, color measurements of individualareas are performed with a spectrophotometer. The spectrophotometer ispositioned so as to measure single areas in a multiplicity of locationson the printed web and over time collect enough information for theprocessing.

A spectrophotometer which relies on individual light flashes to collectmeasurements may be capable of collecting ten samples per second. Aspectrophotometer which utilizes a continuous light source might becapable of collecting thousands or tens of thousands of measurements persecond. Either system may require a transport mechanism to laterallytraverse the moving web so as to enable it to measure arbitrarylocations on the web.

In some applications, there may be a requirement for a large number ofmeasurement locations, so that the speed of the transport mechanismcombined with the speed that the spectrophotometer can acquiremeasurements makes this approach prohibitively slow.

Thus, there is an inherent tradeoff between an RGB camera, which canacquire a great deal of measurements at once, but where the measurementsmay lack the required accuracy, and a spectrophotometer, which canacquire accurate measurements, but only one at a time.

A hyperspectral camera is a spectrophotometer that is capable ofcollecting measurements of a great number of measurement locations atthe same time. For some applications, such a device may prove to betterfit the needs of this invention.

However, for some applications, the speed of data collection of ahyperspectral camera may still fall short of the requirements. Inparticular, if it is desired to make measurements of a twelve inch wideswath of the moving web, with measurement areas which are 0.040 inchesby 0.040 inches, at a web speed of 2,500 feet per minute, then the costof a hyperspectral camera with 31 wavelength channels may be costprohibitive. For some applications, a practical solution is to utilizean abridged hyperspectral camera. Such a device utilizes fewer than 16,but more than 3 wavelength channels. Such a device may, for example,utilize 6 wavelength channels. Utilizing the additional channels (ascompared with an RGB camera) improves the ability of an abridgedhyperspectral camera to accurately approximate a standard spectralresponse. Since an abridged hyperspectral camera functions as a camera,it can collect a large number of measurements in a short amount of time,thus overcoming a limitation of a spectrophotometer.

According to some exemplary embodiments, the systems and methods of thepresent disclosure may be configured to have a color fidelity greaterthan that of an RGB camera and hence may quantify the reproduction ofHalftones and Tone Value Increase more accurately without relying on acolor bar.

Some systems may acquire Image data from the printed Substrate with anRGB camera and then convert this RGB data directly into CMYK data.Discrepancies between this acquired CMYK data and the correspondingtarget CMYK data derived from prepress files may be used to measure andcontrol inking levels. Analysis of these discrepancies may also be usedto infer a quantification of the reproduction of Halftones.

Such an approach is inherently problematic, however, because of thereliance on the RGB to CMYK conversion. This conversion is an attempt toget four uncorrelated quantities out of three measurements. There willalways be a difficulty discerning a change in the black ink from acoordinated change in the three inks CMY.

According to some exemplary embodiments, the systems and methods of thepresent disclosure may be configured to quantify the reproduction ofHalftones without relying on a color bar, and without relying on anintermediate transformation to CMYK values.

The present disclosure presents systems and methods that may analyze areproduction of a printed Image on a Substrate (e.g., analyze areproduction of Halftones in the printed Image) based on values measuredfrom the Image itself. A system may receive and/or generate a set ofInput Tone Values for one or more locations on the Substrate. The systemmay also receive values for one or more locations on the printed Imagefrom a sensor (e.g., measured or measurement values) and use the valuesto determine one or more Apparent Tone Values. In some embodiments, thesensor may generate the measured values in compliance with a standardspectral response. In some embodiments, the sensor may additionally oralternatively collect data with respect to at least four wavelengthchannels (and more preferably six wavelength channels or ranges, andeven more preferably twelve, twenty-four or thirty-one wavelengthchannels or ranges). In some embodiments, the sensor may generate data(e.g., Color Values) in a standardized color space (e.g., XYZ). In someembodiments, the sensor may generate data (e.g., Color Values) that arenot in a standardized color space, and the system may process themeasurement values to generate values within a standardized color space,such as CIELAB.

The system may generate output data for the ink representing areproduction of Halftones. In some embodiments, the output data mayrepresent a Tone Value Increase for the ink. In some embodiments, theoutput data may be generated without using a color bar. In someembodiments, the output data may be utilized to affect improved colorcontrol of the printed Substrate. In some embodiments, the output datamay represent a Tone Value Increase Error for the ink.

In some embodiments, the output data may be utilized to affect improveddetection of defects on the printed Substrate. In particular the outputdata may be used to ameliorate problems associated with misdiagnosis ofcolor discrepancies due to inking level as opposed to reproduction ofHalftones.

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of one possible system for monitoringand/or controlling color of a printed Image on a Substrate according toan exemplary embodiment. Color control system 64 operates to determinethe ink key settings of the inking assembly 36 to control the amount ofink fed to printing units 14, 16, 18, 20 and to corresponding ink keyzones on Substrate 12. Color control system 64 includes a colormonitoring system 66 including a controller 70 and an imaging device 68.Imaging devices may include a video camera, line scan camera, areacamera, spectral or hyper spectral imagers, or other types of imagingdevices. Imaging device 68 may acquire measurements (e.g., an image)from one or more areas of a printed Substrate 12 over one or more inkkey zones. The measurements may be Color Values (e.g., Tone Values),spatial values, and/or other measured values. In some embodiments,controller 70 may utilize measured Color Values directly. In someembodiments, controller 70 may convert the measured Color Values into adifferent Color Value format, such as a value in a standardized colorspace. For example, imaging device 68 may generate measurement datarepresentative of RGB or spectral reflectance values, and controller 70may convert the measured RBG or spectral reflectance values intoprocessed CIELAB values for each area or image pixel within the camera'sfield of view. The acquired measurements may be used to monitorcharacteristics of the printed Image and/or press, such as reproductionof Halftones, to control inking assembly 36 and/or print units 14, 16,18, and/or 20, and/or to detect defects in the printed Image. While FIG.3 is shown for purposes of illustration, it should be understood that,in other embodiments, the features of the present disclosure may beutilized with printing systems having different features than thoseillustrated in FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 illustrates a processing circuit 400 configured to monitor ToneValue in at least a portion of the printed Image according to anexemplary embodiment. In some embodiments, processing circuit 400 mayadditionally or alternatively perform color control and/or defectdetection. Processing circuit 400 includes a processor 405, which may beany type of general purpose or special purpose processor (e.g., FPGA,CPLD, ASIC, etc.). Processing circuit 400 also includes a memory 410,which may be any type of computer or machine-readable storage medium(e.g., RAM, ROM, magnetic storage, solid state storage, optical memory,etc.). In one exemplary embodiment, controller 70 of FIG. 3 may beimplemented using a processing circuit similar to processing circuit400.

Memory 410 may include one or more processing modules (e.g., sets ofinstructions executable by processor 405) configured to perform varioustasks or functions of processing circuit 400. For example, memory 410may include a TVI analysis module 415 configured to generate datarepresentative of a reproduction of Halftones or Tone Value Increasewithin one or more locations in a printed Image. The Halftone Dots forone ink may be combinable with Halftone Dots for other inks to generatedesired colors within particular locations (e.g., ink key zones, pixels,etc.). In some embodiments, memory 410 may include a color controlmodule 420 that may be configured to control (e.g., modify) a color ofthe printed Image based on the generated data, such as by controllingone or more print control devices 440 (e.g., ink keys). In someembodiments, memory 410 may include a defect detection module 425configured to detect print defects (e.g., defects relating to problemsother than color control) based on the generated data.

Processing circuit 400 may receive input data from one or more sensors430. Processing circuit 400 may be configured to generate data or otherinformation utilizing or based on the input data. The sensors may be apart of the imaging device or be the imaging device itself. The sensorscan be used to receive the Image data and output that data, directly orindirectly, to the processing circuit 400. In some embodiments,processing circuit 400 may output information relating to the generateddata to a user interface 435. The user interface 435 may be configuredto communicate relevant information to an operator of the printingdevice, including information based on the output data (e.g., throughsight such as on a display device, sound such as through speakers, touchsuch as through haptic devices, etc.).

FIGS. 5 through 7 illustrate exemplary processes that may be implementedby processing circuit 400 to perform various functions of processingcircuit 400. Referring now to FIG. 5, a flow diagram of a process 500for analyzing reproduction of a printed Image on a Substrate is shownaccording to an exemplary embodiment. In some embodiments, process 500may be implemented, for example, using TVI analysis module 415 ofprocessing circuit 400.

The system may determine, for at least one of the inks, a set of InputTone Values for at least one of the inks (505). In some embodiments, theInput Tone Values may be used to generate a “target Image.” For example,a set of Input Tone Values may be passed through a look up table tocreate the target Image. The look up table is basically a prediction ofwhat color will be printed by any combination of Tone Values of theconstituent inks. The target image may be generated at any time beforeor during the print process.

The size of such a look up table may be large, so linear interpolationmay be used in conjunction with a sparse lookup table.

This look up table may be created through many methods. For example, thelook up table may be a characterization data set such as those providedby organizations such as IDEAlliance and Fogra. As another example, itmay be created through a mathematical model of the relationship betweenTone Values and the resulting color on a printed Substrate, as will bedescribed. As yet another example, a sparse look up table may begenerated by printing a test target with a large collection of ToneValues and making measurements of the resulting printed Substrate. Oneexample of such a target is called an IT8 target.

In some embodiments, one or more mathematical models regarding therelationship between Input Tone Values and the resulting color on aprinted Substrate may be utilized in generating a target Image. Thesemathematical color models will now be discussed.

In some embodiments, two types of input may be used for a mathematicalcolor model to generate a target image for use in determining Tone ValueIncrease: the Input Tone Values, and the press operating parameters. TheInput Tone Values have been described previously. The press operatingparameters may be, for example, some subset of the following parameters:

-   -   an inking level for each of the constituent inks;    -   a base spectrum for each of the constituent inks;    -   a trap value which characterizes the proportion of an ink that        will be transferred to another;    -   an opacity value or spectrum for each of the constituent inks;    -   one or more parameters characterizing the reproduction of        Halftones, e.g. parameters describing a TVI curve (the        relationship between TVI and Tone Value);    -   surface reflectance; and/or    -   various properties of the Substrate including surface roughness,        opacity, and spectrum.

This list is not exhaustive—the exact set of relevant parameters dependson which physical attributes are included within the mathematical colormodel. Mathematical color models that may be utilized, according tovarious exemplary embodiments, include, for example, Beer's law, theTolenaar-Ernst equation, the Kubelka-Munk equation, the Murray-Daviesequation, the Yule-Nielsen equation, the Noffke-Seymour equation, andthe Neugebauer equation or any of many modifications of the Neugebauerequation as are known in the art, among others.

A second embodiment of a mathematical color model uses a set ofequations to estimate the change in spectra with respect to changes (forexample) in inking level, rather than the spectra itself. This approachmay be especially useful, for example, with estimating the spectra ofoverprints, where measured values of the overprints may be readilyavailable. One source of error—the estimation error in using Beer's lawwith trap to estimate the spectrum of the overprints—is thus eliminated.

The estimated change in spectra with respect to changes (for example) ininking level may be established through a formula, or it may beexpressed as a derivative. The derivative of interest may be, forexample, the change of reflectance of a cyan-magenta overprint at 550 nmper unit change in the inking level. The collection of derivatives maybe referred to as the sensitivity values. In some embodiments, suchsensitivity values may be used to determine a TVI curve for use inevaluating TVI Error. This may allow for estimation of TVI error usingthe Image itself, rather than or in addition to using a color bar.

In some embodiments, the complete mathematical model estimates theL*a*b* value for any set of Input Tone Values based on acharacterization data set indicative of the printing conditions. In someembodiments, the mathematical model may estimate change in L*a*b* valuesbased on: 1) a change in Solid Ink density and TVI for any of the inks,and/or 2) the sensitivity values.

In some embodiments, the sensitivity values with respect to Solid Inkdensity may be determined through press tests, where a test target likethe IT8 target is printed and inking levels are adjusted throughout therun. In some embodiments, the sensitivity values with respect to TVI maybe estimated directly from measurements of a single test target (e.g.,IT8 target).

Alternately, sensitivity values can be ascertained through one of theaforementioned mathematical color models.

The system may be configured to determine a set of locations on aprinted Image (510). In one embodiment, sets of Color Values can be laidout along a two-dimensional grid to represent the Image. The sets ofColor Values could be a representative of locations coveringsubstantially all of the printed Image. Alternately, they could be arepresentative of locations within one or more contiguous areas of theprinted Image, commonly referred to as “regions of interest.” Theseregions of interest could be selected either automatically based on acomputer algorithm or manually. Alternately, these sets of Color Valuescould be individual points scattered through the printed Substrate.

The intended printed Image may be generally communicated through theprocess in a standardized document format such as a .pdf file. Accordingto some embodiments, in lithographic printing, a process known as rasterimage processing (RIP) is used to convert this format into ink platefiles, which could be one-bit TIFF files. There may be one such file foreach of the printing inks. These files define the so-called imaged areaof the printing plate, that is to say, the areas of that plate that willbe conditioned so as to transfer ink to the Substrate.

The system may receive a set of measurement values corresponding to adetermined set of locations from one or more sensors (515). The set ofColor Values indicative of an area of a particular printed Substratewill be hereinafter referred to as an “acquired Image.” In someembodiments, this acquired Image may be collected offline, which is tosay, it may be collected from the printed Substrate apart from theprinting device (e.g., press). In some embodiments, the acquired Imagewill be collected inline, which is to say, on the press itself, whilethe press is in production.

The measurement values of the acquired Image may be collected using oneor more sensors, or imaging devices. In some embodiments, a sensor maybe configured to acquire data (e.g., spectral data) over at least fourwavelength channels. Each of the channels may correspond to a differentrange of wavelengths/frequencies. In some embodiments, each channel maybe centered around or include a wavelength or range of wavelengthsselected so as to be indicative each of a different color of ink. Forexample one channel may include principally wavelengths in the redregion of the visible spectrum so as to be most responsive to changes inthe cyan ink and black inks. In some embodiments, the sensor may beconfigured to acquire and/or generate measurement values in compliancewith a standard spectral response, such as an ISO standard (e.g., thestandards discussed above). In some such embodiments, the generatedmeasurement values may be approximately the same as (e.g., within apredetermined tolerance of) values that would be generated by adifferent device that also complies with the same standard, which mayhelp provide uniformity across different sensors without, or with less,calibration.

Acquisition of individual points scattered throughout the printed sheetmay be accomplished with the aid of a point measuring spectrophotometer,manually positioned to selected locations on the printing Substrate.Alternately, a spectrophotometer may be positioned by means of an XYscanning table. Alternately, the spectrophotometer may be inline,equipped with a mechanism for laterally traversing the web and atriggering mechanism for making a measurement at a desired location.This inline spectrophotometer may be a hyperspectral device, which is tosay, it may simultaneously acquire spectra at a multiplicity of points.In addition, the spectrophotometer may be an abridged spectrophotometer,which acquires reflectance values in something less than a predeterminednumber (e.g., 30) of spectral bins.

In some embodiments, the system may process the acquired Image (e.g.,the set of measurement values) to generate a processed acquired Image(e.g., set of processed values). This may include processing theacquired Image to a processed acquired Image in a standardized colorspace, based, at least in part, on the measurement values (515). In someembodiments, the data may be processed such that the multi-channel data(e.g., four, six, twelve, twenty-four, thirty-two, etc. wavelengthchannels) is transformed into a Color Value associated with astandardized color space. In some such embodiments, the data may beprocessed into Color Values in standardized color spaces such as CIELAB,XYZ, DIN99, etc.

The system may generate output data (e.g., TVI value(s)) for at leastone of the inks representing a reproduction of Halftones within the setof locations based on measurement/processed values (e.g., Apparent ToneValue(s)) and input values (e.g., Input Tone Value(s)) (525). In someembodiments, differences between the acquired and the target Image maybe calculated. Sensitivity values may be used to determine the set ofchanges in inking levels, Tone Value, TVI, and/or TVI Error that wouldbest explain the calculated differences. This may be done through aregression process, such as a least squares method. Some exampleimplementations providing color control utilizing sensitivity valuesthat may be utilized in conjunction with the features utilized herein,according to some exemplary embodiments, are provided in U.S. Pat. No.5,967,050, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In some embodiments, the characterization of the reproduction ofHalftones may be accomplished by comparing the acquired Image with theestimation provided by a mathematical color model. The input parameters,such as inking levels and TVI values for each ink, are then adjusted soas to minimize the difference between the acquired Image and theestimated Image. In some embodiments, the estimation may additionally oralternatively be provided by a lookup table, such as an ICC profile.Such a table may receive values representing measured differences inTVI, and may generate values in a standardized color space, such asCIELAB, as output.

In some embodiments, the system may be configured to generate outputdata based only on colors present in a printed Image when the Imageincludes less than all of the colors (e.g., a solid black Image). Thesystem may be configured to detect when the solution for a particularcolor or set of colors is underdetermined, such that there isinsufficient information to calculate output data for a particularcolor. For example, in the pure black Image example, the system mayrecognize that the solution for the cyan, magenta, and yellow colors isunderdetermined. In some embodiments, the system may not use theunderdetermined ink colors when generating the output data.

In some embodiments, the system may be configured to generate the outputdata using only the printed Image, and without using a color bar. Insome embodiments, the system may generate the output data using both theprinted Image and a color bar. In some embodiments, the system may use areduced color bar to generate the printed Image, such as a color barincluding solid patches for each of the inks and only a single overprintHalftone (e.g., a gray patch that is a CMY Halftone overprint).

Referring now to FIG. 6, a flow diagram of a process 600 for controllingcolor in a printed Image is shown according to an exemplary embodiment.In some embodiments, process 600 may be implemented, for example, usingcolor control module 420 of processing circuit 400.

Color control systems which seek to minimize the overall color errorwithout the need for color bars may not explicitly discriminate betweencolor errors which are due to a) incorrect inking level, and b)incorrect reproduction of Halftones (e.g., Tone Value). Withoutdiscrimination of these two parameters, in some cases color control maynot be appropriate. For example, if the printing plate wears down duringthe run, Tone Value may be decreased, as previously described. A colorcontrol system which does not discriminate based on the source of colorerrors will tend to over-apply ink, which is costly because thesesystems will use more ink than necessary and potentially deleterious tothe color of the printed material.

Another instance of color control that may be hampered by failing todiscriminate based on the source of color errors is when the printedwork contains a large amount of Highlight areas. As previously stated,the color of a Highlight is only mildly responsive to changes to theamount of pigment on the Substrate. Large changes in the amount ofpigment will be required to affect relatively small changes in color ofa Highlight. Thus, control of color based on measurements of theHighlights can be unstable.

This instability can be exacerbated by consistent (non-random) changesin the rendering of Highlights. These consistent changes may be theresult of a change in the state of the printing press, or for exampledue to the wearing of a printing plate and not based on inking levels.

In some embodiments, the systems and methods of the present disclosureinclude a color control device which affects control using a printedImage (e.g., without the need for a color bar), but which can discountto a greater or lesser extent, the color errors which are caused byfactors other than inconsistent or incorrect inking level.

The system may determine, for at least one ink, a set of Input ToneValues for the set of locations (605) at any time before or during theprinting process. The set of Input Tone Values may be representative of,or used to generate, a target Image. The system may determine a set oflocations on the printed Image (610) and receive a set of measurementvalues (e.g., representative of an acquired Image) corresponding to thedetermined set of locations from one or more sensors (615). In someembodiments, the system may process the set of measurement values togenerate a set of processed values in a standardized color space (620).In some embodiments, operations 605 through 620 of process 600 may beperformed in a manner similar to that described above with respect tooperations 505 through 520, respectively, of process 500.

The system may determine a first error due to an inking level and asecond error due to reproduction of Halftones (e.g., TVI) based on theset of measurement/processed values (e.g., Apparent Tone Value(s)) andthe set of input values (e.g., Input Tone Value(s)) (625). Differencesbetween the acquired and the target Image may be calculated. Thesensitivity values may be used to determine the set of changes in inkinglevels and TVI that would best explain the calculated differences. Thismay be done through a regression process, such as a least squaresprocess.

The system may modify one or more parameters (e.g., color controlparameters) configured to control operation of a printing press thatprinted the printed Image on the Substrate based on the first error andthe second error (630). In some embodiments, the parameters may controlone or more ink control devices, such as ink keys. Control of inking maybe actuated based on the changes in inking levels suggested from thecolor control process. In some embodiments, the color control systemcompletely disregards changes in the press that affect tone value whenadjusting inking levels. In some embodiments, the color control systemmay only partially disregard such changes in tone value (e.g., may beconfigured to reduce modifications that may result from such changes).

Referring now to FIG. 7, a flow diagram of a process 700 for detectingdefects in a printed Image is shown according to an exemplaryembodiment. The printing process may be susceptible to a variety ofimperfections such as streaks, ink drops and dropouts of color that arenot directly related to the inking levels or reproduction of Halftonevalues. For high quality printing, it is often advantageous to performdefect detection wherein, for example, an RGB camera acquires an Imageof all or part of the printed Substrate and subsequently compares thisacquired Image to a target Image that was generated from prepress files.A threshold is set for the difference between the acquired Image and thetarget Image. If this threshold is exceeded, the press operator isalerted and a defect is logged.

Such rudimentary systems may falsely attribute errors in inking (e g,inking levels or reproduction of Halftones) for other types of defects.Such spurious defect reports can be alleviated by increasing thethreshold for defects, which means that certain defects will not beseen.

More sophisticated systems may combine the use of a defect detectionsystem and a color control system in order to isolate differences incolor due to inking level from other types of defects as described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,017,492 to Seymour, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. The color control system determines arequired adjustment to inking levels, and a prediction is made of theeffect of this inking level adjustment. Areas of the Image where thereis a large uncorrected color difference are deemed print defects asopposed to defects due to incorrect inking levels. To date, no knowndefect detection system benefits from isolating color differences due todifferences in reproduction of Halftones (e.g., Tone Value) as well asdifferences in inking level.

In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the systems and methodsmay include a defect detection system configured to distinguish betweendefects that are due to incorrect press parameters (e g, inking levelsand reproduction of Halftones) and defects that are due to other typesof issues (e.g., other defects from press or plate errors). The systemmay determine a set of Input Tone Values for one or more locationswithin the printed Image (705). The system may determine a first targetImage corresponding to the printed Image (e.g., based on the Input ToneValues) (710). The system may collect an acquired Image from the printedImage using one or more sensors configured to generate a set ofmeasurement values representative of the acquired Image (715). In someembodiments, the system may process the set of measurement values (e.g.,representative of an acquired Image) to generate a set of processedvalues (e.g., processed acquired Image) in a standardized color spacebased on the measurement values (720). In some embodiments, operations705 through 720 of process 700 may be performed in a manner similar tothat described above with respect to operations 505 through 520 ofprocess 500.

The system may generate output data for the at least one inkrepresenting an inking level and a reproduction of Halftones (e.g., TVI)based at least in part on the set of measurement/processed values (e.g.,Apparent Tone Value(s)) and the set of input values (e.g., Input ToneValue(s)) (725). Differences between the acquired and the target Imagemay be calculated. The sensitivity values may be used to determine theset of changes in inking levels and TVI that would best explain thecalculated differences. This may be done through a regression process,such as a least squares process.

The system may generate a second target Image by modifying the firsttarget Image based on the output data representing the inking level andTVI (e.g., the difference between the target relative amount of ink tobe applied within an area of the substrate and the actual relativeamount of ink applied within an area of the substrate) (730). Thechanges in inking levels and/or TVI that best explain the calculateddifferences may be used to estimate the color of the printed Image ifthose press parameters were corrected (e.g., using a mathematical colormodel). In various embodiments, either the acquired Image or the targetImage, or both, may be adjusted to generate the second target Image. Thesystem may identify one or more print defects in the printed Image bycomparing the acquired Image to the second target Image (735). Locationswhere significant differences are seen can be flagged as defects. Thesedefects may be communicated to the user through a user interface.

In some embodiments, the system may generate and/or modify parametersbased on a TVI error value, rather than or in addition to a TVI value.Referring now to FIG. 8, a flow diagram of a process 800 for analyzingreproduction of a printed Image on a Substrate is shown according toanother exemplary embodiment. The system may determine, for at least oneink, a set of one or more Input Tone Values (805). In some embodiments,the system may determine a Target Tone Value Increase (810).

The system may determine a set of one or more locations on the printedimage for measuring Color Values (815). In some embodiments, the systemmay determine a set of target Color Values for the one or more locationsbased on the Input Tone Values and/or the Target TVI. The system mayreceive a set of measured Color Values corresponding to the set oflocations from one or more sensors (820). In some embodiments, thesystem may process the set of measurement values to generate a set ofprocessed values in a standardized color space (825).

The system may determine an error value (e.g., a Tone Value IncreaseError, or TVI Error) based on the Input Tone Values and the measuredColor Values (830). In some embodiments, the system may be configured todetermine the TVI error without requiring measurement of an areaincluding a solid ink (e.g., an area having a predefined targetrichness/strength value for the ink(s), such as a maximumrichness/strength value). In some embodiments, the system may determinethe TVI error using one or more sensitivity values, such as asensitivity matrix. For example, the Input Tone Values and the measuredColor Values may be processed through a matrix of sensitivity values(e.g., as described above according to exemplary embodiments) todetermine/estimate the TVI error. In some such embodiments, thesensitivity matrix may be used to infer the TVI Error(s) and/or colorerrors most likely to be responsible for the differences between theTarget TVI and an Apparent TVI reflected in the measured Color Values.In some embodiments, the TVI Error may be determined using the targetColor Values for the measurement locations and the measured ColorValues.

In some embodiments, the system may provide data based on the TVI Errorto a press operator (e.g., via a display device) and/or use the TVIError to adjust one or more press parameters. For example, if the TVIError indicates that the Apparent TVI is greater than the Target TVI,press parameters may be adjusted to decrease the Apparent TVI forsubsequent print runs. If the TVI Error indicates that the Apparent TVIis less than the Target TVI, in some embodiments, no action may betaken, and in other embodiments, press parameters may be adjusted toincrease the Apparent TVI closer to the expected value for subsequentprint runs. In some embodiments, the amount of adjustment to the pressparameters may be based on the TVI Error. For example, a greater TVIError may lead to greater adjustments to parameters than a smaller TVIError. In some embodiments, the TVI Error may be used in color controland/or defect detection.

Referring now to FIG. 9, a flow diagram of a process 900 for controllingcolor in a printed Image is shown according to another exemplaryembodiment. The system may determine, for at least one ink, a set of oneor more Input Tone Values (905). In some embodiments, the system maydetermine a Target Tone Value Increase (910). The system may determine aset of one or more locations on the printed image for measuring ColorValues (915) and receive a set of measured Color Values corresponding tothe set of locations from one or more sensors (920). In someembodiments, the system may process the set of measurement values togenerate a set of processed values in a standardized color space (925).The system may determine a first error due to an inking level and asecond error due to TVI Error (930). The system may modify one or moreparameters (e.g., color control parameters) configured to controloperation of the printing press that printed the Image on the Substratebased on both the first error and the second error (935). In someembodiments, the system may separate the errors and/or separately usethe errors to modify the parameters. For example, in some embodiments,the system may be configured to control the parameters based on theinking level errors, the TVI Errors, or a combination of both.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a flow diagram of a process 1000 for detectingdefects in a printed Image is shown according to another exemplaryembodiment. The system may determine, for at least one ink, a set of oneor more Input Tone Values (1005). In some embodiments, the system maydetermine a Target Tone Value Increase (1010). The system may determinea target Image corresponding to the printed image (1015) and collect anacquired Image from the printed image using one or more sensorsconfigured to generate a set of measured Color Values representative ofthe acquired Image (1020). In some embodiments, the system may processthe set of measured Color Values to generate a set of processed valuesin a standardized color space (1025).

The system may generate output data for the ink representing an inkinglevel and a TVI Error (1030). The system may modify the acquired Imagebased on the output data (1035). For example, a new Image may begenerated by modifying the acquired Image to account for changes fromthe target image due to errors in inking level and/or TVI Error. Thesystem may identify one or more print defects in the printed Image bycomparing the modified acquired image to the target image (1040). Forexample, if the modified acquired image is substantially different thanthe target Image, this may indicate that the differences are not due toinking level errors and/or TVI Error, and may be due to print defects.

While the various embodiments described herein are shown havingoperations in a particular order, it should be understood that theoperations shown in processes 500 through 1000, and in various otherembodiments described herein, can be performed in any order and/or inpartial or complete concurrence unless otherwise stated. For example, insome embodiments, a set of input tone values may be determined, and aset of locations on the printed image from which to measure values maybe determined (e.g., based at least in part on the input tone valuedata, such as by measuring at locations associated with the input tonevalues). In some embodiments, a set of locations from which measuredvalues will be obtained is determined, and then a set of input tonevalues may be determined (e.g., corresponding to the determinedlocations). All such modifications are contemplated within the scope ofthe present disclosure and the description of processes 500 through 1000above.

While various features are described with respect to processes 500through 1000, it should be understood that, in general, featuresdescribed with respect to one of processes 500 through 1000 may beutilized with others of 500 through 1000. For example, the types ofsensors described with respect to process 500 may be utilized withrespect to processes 600 through 1000 as well. In some embodiments,processes 500 through 1000 may be implemented using more than onesensor. In some embodiments, processes 500 through 1000 may beimplemented using a color bar, without a color bar, with a reduced colorbar, etc., as described with respect to process 500. In someembodiments, processes 500 through 1000 may allow fordetermination/estimation of a TVI Error without requiring measurementfrom a solid ink area in the printed Image (e.g., a solid ink portion ofa color bar).

Various embodiments described above may be used to detect errors and/ormodify print parameters (e.g., for color control and/or defectdetection) either pre-press (e.g., prior to a print run in which aplurality of printed images are printed on the substrate) or duringprint (e.g., while a plurality of printed images are being printed onthe substrate). For example, in some pre-press implementations,determined TVI and/or TVI Error values may be used to modify parametersof one or more input algorithms to more accurately reflect conditions ona printing press (e.g., by providing the TVI and/or TVI Error values toa pre-press module configured to modify the parameters, such as apre-press processing circuit). In some print-time implementations,determined TVI and/or TVI Error values may be used to modify parametersto control one or more ink control devices to make changes to printedImages during a print run (e.g., on-the-fly).

The disclosure is described above with reference to drawings. Thesedrawings illustrate certain details of specific embodiments thatimplement the systems and methods and programs of the presentdisclosure. However, describing the disclosure with drawings should notbe construed as imposing on the disclosure any limitations that may bepresent in the drawings. The present disclosure contemplates methods,systems and program products on any machine-readable media foraccomplishing its operations. The embodiments of the present disclosuremay be implemented using an existing computer processor, or by a specialpurpose computer processor incorporated for this or another purpose orby a hardwired system. No claim element herein is to be construed as a“means plus function” element unless the element is expressly recitedusing the phrase “means for.” Furthermore, no element, component ormethod step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to thepublic, regardless of whether the element, component or method step isexplicitly recited in the claims.

As noted above, embodiments within the scope of the present disclosureinclude program products comprising machine-readable storage media forcarrying or having machine-executable instructions or data structuresstored thereon. Such machine-readable storage media can be any availablemedia that can be accessed by a machine with a processing circuit (e.g.,processor). By way of example, such machine-readable storage media caninclude RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, CD ROM or other optical disk storage,magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any othermedium which can be used to carry or store desired program code in theform of machine-executable instructions or data structures and which canbe accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or othermachine with a processor. Combinations of the above are also includedwithin the scope of machine-readable storage media. Machine-executableinstructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause ageneral purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purposeprocessing machine to perform a certain function or group of functions.Machine or computer-readable storage media, as referenced herein, do notinclude transitory media (i.e., signals in space).

Embodiments of the disclosure are described in the general context ofmethod steps which may be implemented in one embodiment by a programproduct including machine-executable instructions, such as program code,for example, in the form of program modules executed by machines innetworked environments. Generally, program modules include routines,programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that performparticular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.Machine-executable instructions, associated data structures, and programmodules represent examples of program code for executing steps of themethods disclosed herein. The particular sequence of such executableinstructions or associated data structures represent examples ofcorresponding acts for implementing the functions described in suchsteps.

It should be noted that although the flowcharts provided herein show aspecific order of method steps, it is understood that the order of thesesteps may differ from what is depicted. Also two or more steps may beperformed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Such variation willdepend on the software and hardware systems chosen and on designerchoice. It is understood that all such variations are within the scopeof the disclosure. Likewise, software implementations of the presentdisclosure could be accomplished with standard programming techniqueswith rule-based logic and other logic to accomplish the various steps.It should also be noted that the word “component” as used herein isintended to encompass implementations using one or more lines ofsoftware code, and/or hardware implementations, and/or equipment forreceiving manual inputs.

Alternative Embodiments

Another embodiment relates to a system for analyzing reproduction of aprinted image on a substrate printed using a plurality of inks. Thesystem includes at least one processing circuit configured to determinea set of one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to determine a set of input tone values for the at least oneink. The at least one processing circuit is further configured toreceive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a tone valueincrease based on the set of measurement/processed values and the set ofinput tone values. The at least one processing circuit is configured todetermine the tone value increase without requiring measured colorvalues from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to a method of analyzing reproduction of aprinted image on a substrate printed using a plurality of inks. Themethod includes determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The methodfurther includes determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The method further includes receiving a set of measured colorvalues corresponding to the set of locations on the printed image from asensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured to generatethe measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the method further includes processing the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The method furtherincludes determining a tone value increase based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input tone values withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to a printing system including at least oneink control device configured to control deposition of at least one inkon a substrate to generate a printed image. The printing system furtherincludes at least one processing circuit configured to determine a setof one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values and determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The at least one processing circuit is further configuredto receive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a tone valueincrease based on the set of measurement/processed values and the set ofinput tone values and control the at least one ink control device basedat least in part on the tone value increase. The at least one processingcircuit is configured to determine the tone value increase withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to one or more computer-readable storagemedia having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to implementoperations including determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The operationsfurther include determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The operations further include receiving a set of measuredcolor values corresponding to the set of locations on the printed imagefrom a sensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the operations further include processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Theoperations further include determining a tone value increase based onthe set of measurement/processed values and the set of input tone valueswithout requiring measured color values from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to a system for controlling color on aprinting press configured to generate a printed image on a substrateusing a plurality of inks. The system includes at least one processingcircuit configured to determine a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a set of inputtone values for the at least one ink. The at least one processingcircuit is further configured to receive a set of measured color valuescorresponding to the set of locations on the printed image from asensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured to generatethe measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the at least one processing circuit is configured to processthe set of measurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. The atleast one processing circuit is further configured to determine a firsterror due to an inking level and a second error due to a tone valueincrease based on the set of measurement/processed values and the set ofinput tone values. The at least one processing circuit is configured todetermine the second error due to the tone value increase withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink. The atleast one processing circuit is further configured to modify one or moreparameters configured to control operation of a printing press thatprinted the printed image on the substrate based on the first error andthe second error.

Another embodiment relates to a method of controlling color on aprinting press configured to generate a printed image on a substrateusing a plurality of inks. The method includes determining a set of oneor more locations on the printed image on the substrate to measure colorvalues. The method further includes determining a set of input tonevalues for the at least one ink. The method further includes receiving aset of measured color values corresponding to the set of locations onthe printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensoris configured to generate the measurement values to be compliant with astandard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured to generate themeasurement values based on data measured using at least four wavelengthchannels; and/or (3) the method further includes processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Themethod further includes determining a first error due to an inking leveland a second error due to a tone value increase based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input tone values. Thesecond error due to the tone value increase is determined withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink. Themethod further includes modifying one or more parameters configured tocontrol operation of a printing press that printed the printed image onthe substrate based on the first error and the second error.

Another embodiment relates to a printing system including at least oneink control device configured to control deposition of at least one inkon a substrate to generate a printed image. The printing system furtherincludes at least one processing circuit configured to determine a setof one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to determine a set of input tone values for the at least oneink. The at least one processing circuit is further configured toreceive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a first error dueto an inking level and a second error due to a tone value increase basedon the set of measurement/processed values and the set of input tonevalues. The at least one processing circuit is configured to determinethe second error due to the tone value increase without requiringmeasured color values from an area having solid ink. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to modify one or moreparameters configured to control operation of the at least one inkcontrol device based on the first error and the second error.

Another embodiment relates to one or more computer-readable storagemedia having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to implementoperations including determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The operationsfurther include determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The operations further include receiving a set of measuredcolor values corresponding to the set of locations on the printed imagefrom a sensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the operations further include processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Theoperations further include determining a first error due to an inkinglevel and a second error due to a tone value increase based on the setof measurement/processed values and the set of input tone values. Thesecond error due to the tone value increase is determined withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink. Theoperations further include modifying one or more parameters configuredto control operation of a printing press that printed the printed imageon the substrate based on the first error and the second error.

Another embodiment relates to a system for defect detection on aprinting press configured to generate a printed image on a substrateusing a plurality of inks. The system includes at least one processingcircuit configured to determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The at least one processing circuit is further configuredto determine a first target image corresponding to the printed image andcollect an acquired image from the printed image on the substrate usinga sensor. The sensor is configured to generate a set of measurementvalues representing the acquired image. In various embodiments: (1) thesensor is configured to generate the measurement values to be compliantwith a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values based on data measured using at leastfour wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least one processing circuitis configured to process the set of measurement values to generate a setof processed values in a standardized color space based on the set ofmeasurement values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to generate output data for the at least one ink representingan inking level and a tone value increase based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input values. The at leastone processing circuit is further configured to generate a second targetimage by modifying the first target image based on the output datarepresenting the inking level and the tone value increase. The at leastone processing circuit is further configured to identify one or moreprint defects in the printed image by comparing the acquired image tothe second target image.

Another embodiment relates to a method of defect detection on a printingpress configured to generate a printed image on a substrate using aplurality of inks. The method includes determining a set of input tonevalues for the at least one ink. The method further includes determininga first target image corresponding to the printed image and collectingan acquired image from the printed image on the substrate using asensor. The sensor is configured to generate a set of measurement valuesrepresenting the acquired image. In various embodiments: (1) the sensoris configured to generate the measurement values to be compliant with astandard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured to generate themeasurement values based on data measured using at least four wavelengthchannels; and/or (3) the method further includes processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Themethod further includes generating output data for the at least one inkrepresenting an inking level and a tone value increase based on the setof measurement/processed values and the set of input values. The methodfurther includes generating a second target image by modifying the firsttarget image based on the output data representing the inking level andthe tone value increase. The method further includes identifying one ormore print defects in the printed image by comparing the acquired imageto the second target image.

Another embodiment relates to a printing system including at least oneink control device configured to control deposition of at least one inkon a substrate to generate a printed image. The printing system furtherincludes configured to determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The at least one processing circuit is further configuredto determine a first target image corresponding to the printed image andcollect an acquired image from the printed image on the substrate usinga sensor. The sensor is configured to generate a set of measurementvalues representing the acquired image. In various embodiments: (1) thesensor is configured to generate the measurement values to be compliantwith a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values based on data measured using at leastfour wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least one processing circuitis configured to process the set of measurement values to generate a setof processed values in a standardized color space based on the set ofmeasurement values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to generate output data for the at least one ink representingan inking level and a tone value increase based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input values. The at leastone processing circuit is further configured to generate a second targetimage by modifying the first target image based on the output datarepresenting the inking level and the tone value increase. The at leastone processing circuit is further configured to identify one or moreprint defects in the printed image by comparing the acquired image tothe second target image.

Another embodiment relates to one or more computer-readable storagemedia having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to implementoperations including determining a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The operations further include determining a first targetimage corresponding to the printed image and collecting an acquiredimage from the printed image on the substrate using a sensor. The sensoris configured to generate a set of measurement values representing theacquired image. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the operations further include processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Theoperations further include generating output data for the at least oneink representing an inking level and a tone value increase based on theset of measurement/processed values and the set of input values. Theoperations further include generating a second target image by modifyingthe first target image based on the output data representing the inkinglevel and the tone value increase. The operations further includeidentifying one or more print defects in the printed image by comparingthe acquired image to the second target image.

Another embodiment relates to a system for analyzing reproduction of aprinted image on a substrate printed using a plurality of inks. Thesystem includes at least one processing circuit configured to determinea set of one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to determine a set of input tone values for the at least oneink. The at least one processing circuit is further configured toreceive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a tone valueincrease error based on the set of measurement/processed values and theset of input tone values. The at least one processing circuit isconfigured to determine the tone value increase error without requiringmeasured color values from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to a method of analyzing reproduction of aprinted image on a substrate printed using a plurality of inks. Themethod includes determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The methodfurther includes determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The method further includes receiving a set of measured colorvalues corresponding to the set of locations on the printed image from asensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured to generatethe measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the method further includes processing the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The method furtherincludes determining a tone value increase error based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input tone values withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink.

Another embodiment relates to a printing system including at least oneink control device configured to control deposition of at least one inkon a substrate to generate a printed image. The printing system furtherincludes at least one processing circuit configured to determine a setof one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values and determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The at least one processing circuit is further configuredto receive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a tone valueincrease error based on the set of measurement/processed values and theset of input tone values and control the at least one ink control devicebased at least in part on the tone value increase. The at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to determine the tone value increaseerror without requiring measured color values from an area having solidink.

Another embodiment relates to one or more computer-readable storagemedia having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to implementoperations including determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The operationsfurther include determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The operations further include receiving a set of measuredcolor values corresponding to the set of locations on the printed imagefrom a sensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the operations further include processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Theoperations further include determining a tone value increase error basedon the set of measurement/processed values and the set of input tonevalues without requiring measured color values from an area having solidink.

Another embodiment relates to a system for controlling color on aprinting press configured to generate a printed image on a substrateusing a plurality of inks. The system includes at least one processingcircuit configured to determine a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a set of inputtone values for the at least one ink. The at least one processingcircuit is further configured to receive a set of measured color valuescorresponding to the set of locations on the printed image from asensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured to generatethe measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the at least one processing circuit is configured to processthe set of measurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. The atleast one processing circuit is further configured to determine a firsterror due to an inking level and a second error due to a tone valueincrease error based on the set of measurement/processed values and theset of input tone values. The at least one processing circuit isconfigured to determine the second error due to the tone value increaseerror without requiring measured color values from an area having solidink. The at least one processing circuit is further configured to modifyone or more parameters configured to control operation of a printingpress that printed the printed image on the substrate based on the firsterror and the second error.

Another embodiment relates to a method of controlling color on aprinting press configured to generate a printed image on a substrateusing a plurality of inks. The method includes determining a set of oneor more locations on the printed image on the substrate to measure colorvalues. The method further includes determining a set of input tonevalues for the at least one ink. The method further includes receiving aset of measured color values corresponding to the set of locations onthe printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensoris configured to generate the measurement values to be compliant with astandard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured to generate themeasurement values based on data measured using at least four wavelengthchannels; and/or (3) the method further includes processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Themethod further includes determining a first error due to an inking leveland a second error due to a tone value increase error based on the setof measurement/processed values and the set of input tone values. Thesecond error due to the tone value increase error is determined withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink. Themethod further includes modifying one or more parameters configured tocontrol operation of a printing press that printed the printed image onthe substrate based on the first error and the second error.

Another embodiment relates to a printing system including at least oneink control device configured to control deposition of at least one inkon a substrate to generate a printed image. The printing system furtherincludes at least one processing circuit configured to determine a setof one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to determine a set of input tone values for the at least oneink. The at least one processing circuit is further configured toreceive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor. In various embodiments:(1) the sensor is configured to generate the measurement values to becompliant with a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor isconfigured to generate the measurement values based on data measuredusing at least four wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least oneprocessing circuit is configured to process the set of measurementvalues to generate a set of processed values in a standardized colorspace based on the set of measurement values. The at least oneprocessing circuit is further configured to determine a first error dueto an inking level and a second error due to a tone value increase errorbased on the set of measurement/processed values and the set of inputtone values. The at least one processing circuit is configured todetermine the second error due to the tone value increase error withoutrequiring measured color values from an area having solid ink. The atleast one processing circuit is further configured to modify one or moreparameters configured to control operation of the at least one inkcontrol device based on the first error and the second error.

Another embodiment relates to one or more computer-readable storagemedia having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to implementoperations including determining a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values. The operationsfurther include determining a set of input tone values for the at leastone ink. The operations further include receiving a set of measuredcolor values corresponding to the set of locations on the printed imagefrom a sensor. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the operations further include processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Theoperations further include determining a first error due to an inkinglevel and a second error due to a tone value increase error based on theset of measurement/processed values and the set of input tone values.The second error due to the tone value increase error is determinedwithout requiring measured color values from an area having solid ink.The operations further include modifying one or more parametersconfigured to control operation of a printing press that printed theprinted image on the substrate based on the first error and the seconderror.

Another embodiment relates to a system for defect detection on aprinting press configured to generate a printed image on a substrateusing a plurality of inks. The system includes at least one processingcircuit configured to determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The at least one processing circuit is further configuredto determine a first target image corresponding to the printed image andcollect an acquired image from the printed image on the substrate usinga sensor. The sensor is configured to generate a set of measurementvalues representing the acquired image. In various embodiments: (1) thesensor is configured to generate the measurement values to be compliantwith a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values based on data measured using at leastfour wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least one processing circuitis configured to process the set of measurement values to generate a setof processed values in a standardized color space based on the set ofmeasurement values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to generate output data for the at least one ink representingan inking level and a tone value increase error based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input values. The at leastone processing circuit is further configured to generate a second targetimage by modifying the first target image based on the output datarepresenting the inking level and the tone value increase error. The atleast one processing circuit is further configured to identify one ormore print defects in the printed image by comparing the acquired imageto the second target image.

Another embodiment relates to a method of defect detection on a printingpress configured to generate a printed image on a substrate using aplurality of inks. The method includes determining a set of input tonevalues for the at least one ink. The method further includes determininga first target image corresponding to the printed image and collectingan acquired image from the printed image on the substrate using asensor. The sensor is configured to generate a set of measurement valuesrepresenting the acquired image. In various embodiments: (1) the sensoris configured to generate the measurement values to be compliant with astandard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured to generate themeasurement values based on data measured using at least four wavelengthchannels; and/or (3) the method further includes processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Themethod further includes generating output data for the at least one inkrepresenting an inking level and a tone value increase error based onthe set of measurement/processed values and the set of input values. Themethod further includes generating a second target image by modifyingthe first target image based on the output data representing the inkinglevel and the tone value increase error. The method further includesidentifying one or more print defects in the printed image by comparingthe acquired image to the second target image.

Another embodiment relates to a printing system including at least oneink control device configured to control deposition of at least one inkon a substrate to generate a printed image. The printing system furtherincludes configured to determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The at least one processing circuit is further configuredto determine a first target image corresponding to the printed image andcollect an acquired image from the printed image on the substrate usinga sensor. The sensor is configured to generate a set of measurementvalues representing the acquired image. In various embodiments: (1) thesensor is configured to generate the measurement values to be compliantwith a standard spectral response; (2) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values based on data measured using at leastfour wavelength channels; and/or (3) the at least one processing circuitis configured to process the set of measurement values to generate a setof processed values in a standardized color space based on the set ofmeasurement values. The at least one processing circuit is furtherconfigured to generate output data for the at least one ink representingan inking level and a tone value increase error based on the set ofmeasurement/processed values and the set of input values. The at leastone processing circuit is further configured to generate a second targetimage by modifying the first target image based on the output datarepresenting the inking level and the tone value increase error. The atleast one processing circuit is further configured to identify one ormore print defects in the printed image by comparing the acquired imageto the second target image.

Another embodiment relates to one or more computer-readable storagemedia having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one ormore processors, cause the one or more processors to implementoperations including determining a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink. The operations further include determining a first targetimage corresponding to the printed image and collecting an acquiredimage from the printed image on the substrate using a sensor. The sensoris configured to generate a set of measurement values representing theacquired image. In various embodiments: (1) the sensor is configured togenerate the measurement values to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse; (2) the sensor is configured to generate the measurementvalues based on data measured using at least four wavelength channels;and/or (3) the operations further include processing the set ofmeasurement values to generate a set of processed values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values. Theoperations further include generating output data for the at least oneink representing an inking level and a tone value increase error basedon the set of measurement/processed values and the set of input values.The operations further include generating a second target image bymodifying the first target image based on the output data representingthe inking level and the tone value increase error. The operationsfurther include identifying one or more print defects in the printedimage by comparing the acquired image to the second target image.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, the standard spectralresponse may be an International Organization for Standardization (ISO)standard.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, the standardized color spacemay be one of an International Commission on Illumination (CIE) XYZcolor space, a CIELAB color space, or a DIN99 color space.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, the sensor may be configuredto generate the measurement values based on data measured using sixwavelength channels.

In any of the embodiments above, the tone value increase and/or tonevalue increase error may be determined without using a color barincluding reference patches for the at least one ink.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, a color error due to the tonevalue increase and/or tone value increase error may be determined, andone or more parameters configured to control operation of a printingpress that printed the printed image on the substrate may be modifiedbased on the color error.

In any of the embodiments discussed above: (1) a first target imagecorresponding to the printed image may be collected, (2) an acquiredimage may be collected from the printed image, (3) the acquired imageand/or target image may be modified based on the tone value increaseand/or tone value increase error, and (4) one or more print defects inthe printed image may be identified by comparing the original/modifiedacquired image to the original/modified target image.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, at least one of the measuredcolor values used to determine the tone value increase error maycorrespond to a location on the printed image outside of a color barincluding reference patches for the at least one ink.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, output data and/or error datamay be generated using a printed image in combination with a color bar,without using a color bar, or using a reduced/modified color bar. Forexample, in some embodiments, the systems and/or methods may be designedto determine the tone value increase and/or tone value increase errorusing a color bar and without a color bar.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, a set of target color valuesfor each of the one or more locations may be determined based on the setof input tone values, and the tone value increase and/or tone valueincrease error may be determined by comparing the set of target colorvalues to the set of measured color values. In some embodiments, the setof target color values may be determined by receiving input datarepresentative of a target tone value increase.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, the set of one or morelocations on the printed image may be determined by receiving input datarepresentative of the locations.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, the output data (e.g., tonevalue increase and/or tone value increase error) may be used to detecterrors and/or modify print parameters (e.g., for color control and/ordefect detection) either pre-press (e.g., prior to a print run in whicha plurality of printed images are printed on the substrate) or duringprint (e.g., while a plurality of printed images are being printed onthe substrate).

In any of the embodiments discussed above, the tone value increaseand/or tone value increase error may be determined during a first printrun in which a printing press generates a first plurality of printedimages on the substrate, and the tone value increase and/or tone valueincrease error may be provided to a pre-press module configured tomodify one or more parameters of the printing press based on the tonevalue increase and/or tone value increase error prior to a second printrun in which the printing press generates a second plurality of printedimages on the substrate.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, one or more parameters of theprinting press may be modified based on the tone value increase and/ortone value increase error during a print run in which the printing pressgenerates a plurality of printed images on the substrate.

In any of the embodiments discussed above, data may be generated using asingle sensor or multiple sensors.

Various embodiments discussed above may be used to determine separateerrors in inking level, or ink density, and errors associated with TVI(e.g., difference between the target relative area and an actualrelative area of the ink within the predetermined area) and/or TVI error(e.g., difference of the expected difference and the actual differencebetween the target relative area and the actual relative area of the inkwithin the predetermined area). In some such embodiments, parameters(e.g., press parameters) may be adjusted to adjust for and/or otherwisecontrol ink density errors and errors associated with TVI/TVI erroreither independently or together. In various embodiments, the parametersmay be controlled manually (e.g., based on error data provided to apress operator via a display), using a closed-loop or automatic control(e.g., based on an algorithm or other control configured to modify theparameters based on the error values), or a combination of both manualand automatic control.

In various embodiments, the systems and/or methods described above maybe incorporated within a printing press including one or more inkcontrol devices configured to control deposition of at least one ink ona substrate to generate a printed image and one or more processingcircuits configured to determine TVI and/or TVI Error. The one or moreprocessing circuits may be configured to control the ink control devicesbased at least in part on the TVI and/or TVI Error.

The foregoing description of embodiments of the disclosure have beenpresented for purposes of illustration and description. It is notintended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise formdisclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of theabove teachings or may be acquired from practice of the disclosure. Theembodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principalsof the disclosure and its practical application to enable one skilled inthe art to utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and withvarious modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for analyzing reproduction of a printedimage on a substrate printed by a printing press using at least one ink,comprising: at least one processing circuit configured to: determine aset of one or more locations on the printed image on the substrate tomeasure color values; determine a set of input tone values for the atleast one ink, each input tone value in the set of input tone valuescomprising an ink richness value within a range between no ink and apredefined target richness value; determine, for the at least one ink, atarget tone value increase comprising a target difference between theinput tone values and a set of apparent tone values determined usingmeasurements from the printed image; receive a set of measured colorvalues corresponding to the set of locations on the printed image from asensor, the sensor configured to generate the measurement values so asto be compliant with a standard spectral response and based on datameasured using at least four wavelength channels; process the set ofmeasurement values to generate the set of apparent tone values in astandardized color space based on the set of measurement values;determine an apparent tone value increase based on the apparent tonevalues and the input tone values; and determine a tone value increaseerror based on a difference between the target tone value increase andthe apparent tone value increase determined from the measured colorvalues, the tone value increase error indicating a difference between anexpected increase in tone values reflected by the target tone valueincrease and an actual increase in tone values reflected by the apparenttone value increase, wherein the at least one processing circuit isconfigured to determine the tone value increase error without requiringmeasured color values from an area having solid ink.
 2. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the standard spectral response is an InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) standard.
 3. The system of claim1, wherein the standardized color space is one of an InternationalCommission on Illumination (CIE) XYZ color space, a CIELAB color space,or a DIN99 color space.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the sensor isconfigured to generate the measured color values based on data measuredusing six wavelength channels.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the atleast one processing circuit is configured to determine the tone valueincrease error without using a color bar comprising reference patchesfor the at least one ink.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the at leastone processing circuit is further configured to: determine a color errordue to the tone value increase error; and modify one or more parametersconfigured to control operation of the printing press based on the colorerror.
 7. The system of claim 5, wherein the at least one processingcircuit is further configured to: determine a target image correspondingto the printed image; collect an acquired image from the printed imageon the substrate; modify the acquired image based on the tone valueincrease error; and identify one or more print defects in the printedimage by comparing the modified acquired image to the target image. 8.The system of claim 5, wherein the at least one processing circuit isfurther configured to: determine a target image corresponding to theprinted image; collect an acquired image from the printed image on thesubstrate; modify the target image based on the tone value increaseerror; and identify one or more print defects in the printed image bycomparing the acquired image to the modified target image.
 9. The systemof claim 1, wherein at least one of the measured color values used todetermine the tone value increase error corresponds to a location on theprinted image outside of a color bar comprising reference patches forthe at least one ink.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the at leastone processing circuit is further configured to determine tone valueincrease errors for each of a plurality of inks using a color barincluding reference patches for each of the plurality of inks and ahalftone reference patch including all of the plurality of inks.
 11. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing circuit isconfigured to determine the set of input tone values by receiving inputdata representative of the set of input tone values.
 12. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the at least one processing circuit is configured todetermine a set of target color values for each of the one or morelocations based on the set of input tone values and determine the tonevalue increase error by comparing the set of target color values to theset of measured color values, wherein the at least one processed circuitis configured to determine the set of target color values by receivinginput data representative of a target tone value increase.
 13. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing circuit isconfigured to determine the set of one or more locations on the printedimage by receiving input data representative of the set of one or morelocations.
 14. The system of claim 1, wherein the tone value increaseerror is determined during a first print run in which the printing pressgenerates a first plurality of printed images on the substrate, andwherein the at least one processing circuit is further configured toprovide the tone value increase error to a pre-press module configuredto modify one or more parameters of the printing press based on the tonevalue increase error prior to a second print run in which the printingpress generates a second plurality of printed images on the substrate.15. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processing circuitis configured to modify one or more parameters of the printing pressbased on the tone value increase error during a print run in which theprinting press generates a plurality of printed images on the substrate.16. A method of analyzing reproduction of a printed image on a substrateprinted by a printing press using at least one ink, comprising:determining a set of one or more locations on the printed image on thesubstrate to measure color values; determining a set of input tonevalues for the at least one ink, each input tone value in the set ofinput tone values comprising an ink richness value within a rangebetween no ink and a predefined target richness value; determining, forthe at least one ink, a target tone value increase comprising a targetdifference between the input tone values and a set of apparent tonevalues determined using measurements from the printed image; receiving aset of measured color values corresponding to the set of locations onthe printed image from a sensor, the sensor configured to generate themeasurement values so as to be compliant with a standard spectralresponse and based on data measured using at least four wavelengthchannels; processing the set of measurement values to generate the setof apparent tone values in a standardized color space based on the setof measurement values; determining an apparent tone value increase basedon the apparent tone values and the input tone values; and determining atone value increase error based on a difference between the target tonevalue increase and the apparent tone value increase determined from themeasured color values without requiring measured color values from anarea having solid ink, the tone value increase error indicating adifference between an expected increase in tone values reflected by thetarget tone value increase and an actual increase in tone valuesreflected by the apparent tone value increase.
 17. The method of claim16, wherein the standard spectral response is an InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) standard.
 18. The method of claim16, wherein the standardized color space is one of an InternationalCommission on Illumination (CIE) XYZ color space, a CIELAB color space,or a DIN99 color space.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein the sensoris configured to generate the measured color values based on datameasured using six wavelength channels.
 20. The method of claim 16,wherein the at least one processing circuit is configured to determinethe tone value increase error without using a color bar comprisingreference patches for the plurality of inks.
 21. The method of claim 20,further comprising: determining a color error due to the tone valueincrease error; and modifying one or more parameters configured tocontrol operation of the printing press based on the color error. 22.The method of claim 20, further comprising: determining a target imagecorresponding to the printed image; collecting an acquired image fromthe printed image on the substrate; modifying the acquired image basedon the tone value increase error; and identifying one or more printdefects in the printed image by comparing the modified acquired image tothe target image.
 23. The method of claim 20, further comprising:determining a target image corresponding to the printed image;collecting an acquired image from the printed image on the substrate;modifying the target image based on the tone value increase error; andidentifying one or more print defects in the printed image by comparingthe acquired image to the modified target image.
 24. The method of claim16, wherein at least one of the measured color values used to determinethe tone value increase error corresponds to a location on the printedimage outside of a color bar comprising reference patches for the atleast one ink.
 25. A printing system comprising: at least one inkcontrol device configured to control deposition of at least one ink on asubstrate to generate a printed image; and at least one processingcircuit configured to: determine a set of one or more locations on theprinted image on the substrate to measure color values; determine a setof input tone values for the at least one ink, each input tone value inthe set of input tone values comprising an ink richness value within arange between no ink and a predefined target richness value; determine,for the at least one ink, a target tone value increase comprising atarget difference between the input tone values and a set of apparenttone values determined using measurements from the printed image;receive a set of measured color values corresponding to the set oflocations on the printed image from a sensor, the sensor configured togenerate the measurement values so as to be compliant with a standardspectral response and based on data measured using at least fourwavelength channels; process the set of measurement values to generatethe set of apparent tone values in a standardized color space based onthe set of measurement values; determine an apparent tone value increasebased on the apparent tone values and the input tone values; anddetermine a tone value increase error based on a difference between thetarget tone value increase and the apparent tone value increasedetermined from the measured color values, the tone value increase errorindicating a difference between an expected increase in tone valuesreflected by the target tone value increase and an actual increase intone values reflected by the apparent tone value increase; and controlthe at least one ink control device based at least in part on the tonevalue increase error; wherein the at least one processing circuit isconfigured to determine the tone value increase error without requiringmeasured color values from an area having solid ink.
 26. The printingsystem of claim 25, wherein: the standard spectral response is anInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard; thestandardized color space is one of an International Commission onIllumination (CIE) XYZ color space, a CIELAB color space, or a DIN99color space; and the sensor is configured to generate the measured colorvalues based on data measured using six wavelength channels.